SQL provides more, much more, than the aggregate functions discussed in the previous article. This time around, I'll start to explore the scalar functions.

There are many scalar functions, ranging from trig functions (yes, they do exist in SQL) to date- and time-handling functions. I'll start with a few scalar functions that allow you to convert almost anything to a string.

By definition, a scalar function takes input argument(s) and returns a single value result. A scalar function can be used wherever an expression can be used (for instance, the Select, Where, or Group By clauses of a Select statement).

The restrictions on the use of aggregate functions I discussed in the previous article do not apply to scalar functions, because a scalar function is applied to single parameter values rather than to sets of values. The argument of a scalar function can be another function. However, the restrictions that apply to the use of expressions and aggregate functions also apply when an expression or aggregate function is used within a scalar function.

There are a lot of scalar functions and IBM keeps adding more with each DB2 enhancement. My initial plan is to address a few of them, namely those related with string- and date-handling, but there are many more, purposely built to handle XML, DataLinks, math, trigonometry, and a lot more. I'll let you, dear reader, take the helm and suggest other types of functions to discuss in this series. Because you probably have no idea what SQL has to offer, it might be easier to explain a problem/situation and I'll try to find the best function or functions to solve it.

When I get stuck with a problem that I have no idea how to solve, I usually check out IBM's DB2 for i Reference manual for the complete list of SQL functions. I always find the solution (or at least, the inspiration) I need to tackle the issue at hand.

Because there are so many string-related scalar functions, let's divide them into more manageable subsets and address these one by one, starting with the string conversion-related functions. Of these, the ASCII function is certainly the easiest to grasp. It returns the ASCII code value of the leftmost character of the argument as an integer. I'll keep using the same InvMst table introduced in the second article of this series in most of my examples. For instance,

SELECT      ASCII(ItemID)

FROM        InvMst

WHERE       ItemID = 'A123'

GROUP BY    ItemID

returns 65, because that's the integer value for the ASCII representation of 'A'. SQL also provides a function to perform the inverse operation: CHR. I'll use a system dummy table named SYSDUMMY1 to illustrate the way it works:

SELECT            CHR(65)

FROM        SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1

This statement returns 'A', because that's the ASCII representation that corresponds to the 65 integer value. You could go nuts here and do some function nesting; something like SELECT CHR(ASCII('A')) FROM SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1 would return 'A', because the processing is performed from the inside out, which means that the database engine would evaluate ASCII('A'), return 65 and then would use that as input parameter for the CHR; this in turn would return 'A'. I know this is an idiotic and useless example of function nesting, but it's also a nice way to illustrate the function-nesting concept in SQL.

The CHAR function is very similar to RPG's %CHAR BIF: it takes a numeric expression as an input parameter and converts it to the respective string representation. If the expression to be converted is either a Decimal or Floating-point expression, you can specify a second parameter—the decimal separator. You can also use CHAR to convert date/time data types to their string representation; in this case, the second parameter is the format. The possible values are ISO, EUR, USA, and JIS. The table below details each of these possible values.

Here's an example of CHAR's possible use:

SELECT            ItemID

, CHAR(ItemQty)

            , CHAR(LotNbr)

            , CHAR(ExpDate, ISO)

FROM        InvMst

WHERE       ItemID = 'A123'

            AND WHID = 333

            AND ShelfID = 77

This will return the item quantity, lot number, and expiration date in string format. Note that I could have specified a second parameter—the decimal separator character—for the item quantity (ItemQty is a DECIMAL(9,2) field) as I did for expiration date (ExpDate is a Date field; therefore, I specified the date format ISO), but I chose not to do it because the second parameter is optional.

The VARCHAR function provides similar functionality, but it returns a varying-length string instead of a "traditional" fixed-length string. Note that varying-length strings are mostly used with language C APIs. VARCHAR provides a nice and easy way of converting a fixed to a varying-length string. The following statement returns the item Id field as a varying-length string:

SELECT            VARCHAR(ItemID)

FROM        InvMst

WHERE       ItemID = 'A123'

GROUP BY    ItemID

It's also important to mention that both CHAR and VARCHAR can be used to convert numeric and character data to the respective string representation.

Even though it has a somewhat similar name, VARCHAR_FORMAT is very different from VARCHAR. While VARCHAR can be used to convert several data types, VARCHAR_FORMAT can be used only to convert the timestamp or timestamp-compatible data types to the respective string representation. But there's a twist: VARCHAR_FORMAT's second parameter is the format string to apply to the timestamp. In a way, this provides functionality similar to RPG's %EDITW BIF. Here's an example that returns the current data and time in a user defined format:

SELECT            VARCHAR_FORMAT(NOW(),'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS')

FROM        SYSIBM.SYSDUMMY1

This statement returns the current date and time, formatted in a more "human readable" way. I chose a simple format, but there are quite a lot of them available. Here are a few examples:

• 'HH24-MI-SS'
• 'HH24-MI-SS-NNNNNN'
• 'YYYY-MM-DD'
• 'YYYY-MM-DD-HH24-MI-SS'
• 'YYYY-MM-DD-HH24-MI-SS-NNNNNN'

You can build your own formatting string, using the symbols explained in the VARCHAR_FORMAT section of the DB2 for i Reference manual. There, you'll find a rather large table detailing all the different possibilities.

The next article will continue to discuss string-related functions, which you can use to perform lowercase to uppercase conversions, among other interesting things. Until then, feel free to use the comments section below to agree, disagree, suggest topics for coming articles, or share your knowledge and experience with other readers. I'll be looking forward to hearing from you!

Rafael Victória-Pereira has more than 20 years of IBM i experience as a programmer, analyst, and manager. Over that period, he has been an active voice in the IBM i community, encouraging and helping programmers transition to ILE and free-format RPG. Rafael has written more than 100 technical articles about topics ranging from interfaces (the topic for his first book, Flexible Input, Dazzling Output with IBM i) to modern RPG and SQL in his popular RPG Academy and SQL 101 series on mcpressonline.com and in his books Evolve Your RPG Coding and SQL for IBM i: A Database Modernization Guide. Rafael writes in an easy-to-read, practical style that is highly popular with his audience of IBM technology professionals.

Rafael is the Deputy IT Director - Infrastructures and Services at the Luis Simões Group in Portugal. His areas of expertise include programming in the IBM i native languages (RPG, CL, and DB2 SQL) and in "modern" programming languages, such as Java, C#, and Python, as well as project management and consultancy.

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MC Press books written by Rafael Victória-Pereira available now on the MC Press Bookstore.

		Evolve Your RPG Coding: Move from OPM to ILE...and Beyond Transition to modern RPG programming with this step-by-step guide through ILE and free-format RPG, SQL, and modernization techniques. List Price $79.95 Now On Sale
		Flexible Input, Dazzling Output with IBM i Uncover easier, more flexible ways to get data into your system, plus some methods for exporting and presenting the vital business data it contains. List Price $79.95 Now On Sale
		SQL for IBM i: A Database Modernization Guide Learn how to use SQL’s capabilities to modernize and enhance your IBM i database. List Price $79.95 Now On Sale