02
Sat, Nov
2 New Articles

Wi-Fi Rolls Out Certification and Security

Development Tools / Utilities
Typography
  • Smaller Small Medium Big Bigger
  • Default Helvetica Segoe Georgia Times

Before the end of the month, the Wi-Fi Alliance, a nonprofit international association of wireless network vendors, will begin certifying products for the IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b wireless standards. The 802.11a standard allows 54 Mb per second on the 5-GHz radio spectrum, and the 802.11b standard allows 11 Mb per second on the 2.4-GHz spectrum. Even though products using these standards have been offered by vendors for some time, Wi-Fi will begin testing submitted products to ensure compatibility and interoperability in accord with the standards set by the IEEE 802.11 standard.

802.11 WLANs Growing in Number

The wireless LAN (WLAN), as specified by the 802.11 standard, is one of the hottest and most rapidly evolving technologies in networking since it was first proposed in 1997. Over the last year, an estimated 7 million WLAN nodes were put into operation, almost double the number from the previous year. These installations statistics include both commercial and home WLANs (a fast-growing consumer sector). The leading WLAN technology is now clearly based upon the 802.11 standard and holds over 70% of the market, outstripping the HomeRF technology that had previously been dominant. The HomeRF-based installations are estimated to have dropped to about 30% this year.

Security for 802.11 Still a Concern

However, since 9/11, concerns about WLAN security have gained increasing attention as individuals and corporations un-tether their devices from wired LANs to use their equipment for serious computing. Though the 802.11 standard identifies a security mechanism--called Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)--that prevents eavesdropping on the WLAN, many in the industry no longer feel this is enough. WEP uses a simple security key to provide access control.

Unfortunately, not long after WEP was introduced, its cryptographic weaknesses were exposed by a number of independent studies conducted by academic and commercial interests. According to these studies, third parties could hack WEP security relatively easily by using the right tools and by analyzing the WLAN traffic. These studies concluded that, while light home-use traffic would make it difficult for hackers to obtain enough data to analyze, a heavily used commercial WLAN would quickly provide the volume of raw traffic patterns to make analysis and hacking viable. This is not to say that WEP is useless: Despite its weaknesses, WEP is still considered strong enough for the casual user in home or office. However, its future as a security mechanism on heavily trafficked WLANs is clearly endangered.

Wi-Fi Protected Access Security

For this reason, several weeks ago Wi-Fi announced a security solution based on an IEEE standards effort called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) to replace the existing WEP. WPA was developed by Wi-Fi with the direct involvement of the IEEE 802.11 standards engineering team. This solution is designed to work in the products on the market today and is expected to first appear in so-called "Wi-Fi Certified" products during the first quarter of 2003. Most vendors are expected to offer firmware and software updates for the Wi-Fi certified products currently in use.

WPA was designed to achieve a number of goals: strong, interoperable replacement of WEP; software upgradeability to WPA certified devices; applicability to both home and commercial WLANs; and quick availability to the market. To achieve these goals, WPA will provide a better data encryption mechanism called Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and a more stringent authentication mechanism called Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).

How TKIP and EAP Overcome WEP Failures

TKIP provides a per-packet key mixing function, a message integrity check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism--all things that were missing from the original WEP security mechanism.

To strengthen user authentication, WPA will implement the IEEE 802.1x security standard along with EAP. Working together, these implementations will provide a framework for stronger user authentication using a central authentication server--such as RADIUS--to authenticate each user on the network before they join it. It will also employ a "mutual authentication" protocol so that the wireless user doesn't accidentally join a rogue network that might steal its network credentials. These enhancements will more than make up for the failures in security designed in the original WEP authentication.

Forward Compatibility Ensures Current Marketability of WLAN Products

The best thing about WPA, however, is that it is designed to be forward-compatible with the burgeoning IEEE 802.11i security specification that is currently under development. WAP is considered a "subset" of the current 802.11i draft, taking certain pieces of the 802.11i draft that are currently ready to bring to market today (TKIP and 802.1x) and implementing them through firmware updates in currently certified equipment. (The complete IEEE 802.11i spec is scheduled for publication at the end of 2003.)

How WAP Provides Enterprise-Level Security

The requirements of enterprise-level security are clearly different than what is normally needed for the small office/home office (SOHO) user. However, Wi-Fi believes that WPA will fulfill enough of the security concerns of enterprises now to continue to spur implementation of WLANs at the enterprise level. How? In an enterprise with IT resources, WPA will be used in conjunction with other devices--such as an authentication server--that will provide centralized access control. In addition, using TKIP to encrypt data will narrow the WLAN's exposure to hackers. This is believed to be "secure enough" now, until the 802.11i specification is finished and implemented in 2003.

Small Office/Home Office Environments

In SOHO settings, where no authentication server will be present, WPA will run in a special "home" mode. This mode, called Pre-Shared Key (PSK), will allow the use of manually-entered authentication keys and passwords. It's designed to be easily set up by home users, requiring them to simply enter a master key to gain access to their wireless access point or their wireless gateway. Once entered, WPA takes over automatically, allowing only those devices with a matching password to join the network. This feature is designed to keep out eavesdroppers and other unauthorized users. In addition, the password automatically starts the TKIP encryption process, further raising the barrier to hackers.

WPA Public Access and Mixed-Mode Corporate Rollouts

In addition, WPA is designed to be useful for Wireless Internet Service Providers (WISPs) that are offering the Wi-Fi certified public access nodes where secure transmission is particularly important. Wi-Fi believes the authentication capability defined by WPA will be strong enough to enable a secure access for service providers and mobile users not utilizing virtual private network (VPN) connections.

However, just as important for large networks with a significant number of clients will be WPA's phased-in implementation capabilities. In a large wireless network, there are just too many devices to roll out a completely new security scheme at any given time. Consequently, WPA is designed to also operate in a "mixed mode," allowing the older WEP security mechanism to continue functioning on the same network where WPA upgrades have been implemented. In this manner, as users upgrade their security through software and firmware patches to their devices, the network itself continues to function--albeit, at a reduced security threshold.

Falling Prices on 802.11 Devices Mean Faster Acceptance in the Marketplace

With prices for 802.11a and 802.11b WLAN cards and access devices falling at astounding rates (street prices are now less than $100), the implementation of WLANs is speeding quickly. Combine that with the increase in bandwidth and the nominal cost of implementing a hardwired LAN, and the economic imperative of WLANs becomes easy to sell to management. The only missing piece has been an adequate security mechanism to overcome the weaknesses in the WEP, but this puzzle now seems to have been solved. With the onset of WAP and the future of the IEEE 802.11i standard just around the corner, it will not be long before those twisted, snaking network cables will be a thing of the past.

Thomas M. Stockwell is the Editor in Chief of MC Press, LLC. He has written extensively about program development, project management, IT management, and IT consulting and has been a frequent contributor to many midrange periodicals. He has authored numerous white papers for iSeries solutions providers. His most recent consulting assignments have been as a Senior Industry Analyst working with IBM on the iSeries, on the mid-market, and specifically on WebSphere brand positioning. He welcomes your comments about this or other articles and can be reached at This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it..

Thomas Stockwell

Thomas M. Stockwell is an independent IT analyst and writer. He is the former Editor in Chief of MC Press Online and Midrange Computing magazine and has over 20 years of experience as a programmer, systems engineer, IT director, industry analyst, author, speaker, consultant, and editor.  

 

Tom works from his home in the Napa Valley in California. He can be reached at ITincendiary.com.

 

 

BLOG COMMENTS POWERED BY DISQUS

LATEST COMMENTS

Support MC Press Online

$

Book Reviews

Resource Center

  • SB Profound WC 5536 Have you been wondering about Node.js? Our free Node.js Webinar Series takes you from total beginner to creating a fully-functional IBM i Node.js business application. You can find Part 1 here. In Part 2 of our free Node.js Webinar Series, Brian May teaches you the different tooling options available for writing code, debugging, and using Git for version control. Brian will briefly discuss the different tools available, and demonstrate his preferred setup for Node development on IBM i or any platform. Attend this webinar to learn:

  • SB Profound WP 5539More than ever, there is a demand for IT to deliver innovation. Your IBM i has been an essential part of your business operations for years. However, your organization may struggle to maintain the current system and implement new projects. The thousands of customers we've worked with and surveyed state that expectations regarding the digital footprint and vision of the company are not aligned with the current IT environment.

  • SB HelpSystems ROBOT Generic IBM announced the E1080 servers using the latest Power10 processor in September 2021. The most powerful processor from IBM to date, Power10 is designed to handle the demands of doing business in today’s high-tech atmosphere, including running cloud applications, supporting big data, and managing AI workloads. But what does Power10 mean for your data center? In this recorded webinar, IBMers Dan Sundt and Dylan Boday join IBM Power Champion Tom Huntington for a discussion on why Power10 technology is the right strategic investment if you run IBM i, AIX, or Linux. In this action-packed hour, Tom will share trends from the IBM i and AIX user communities while Dan and Dylan dive into the tech specs for key hardware, including:

  • Magic MarkTRY the one package that solves all your document design and printing challenges on all your platforms. Produce bar code labels, electronic forms, ad hoc reports, and RFID tags – without programming! MarkMagic is the only document design and print solution that combines report writing, WYSIWYG label and forms design, and conditional printing in one integrated product. Make sure your data survives when catastrophe hits. Request your trial now!  Request Now.

  • SB HelpSystems ROBOT GenericForms of ransomware has been around for over 30 years, and with more and more organizations suffering attacks each year, it continues to endure. What has made ransomware such a durable threat and what is the best way to combat it? In order to prevent ransomware, organizations must first understand how it works.

  • SB HelpSystems ROBOT GenericIT security is a top priority for businesses around the world, but most IBM i pros don’t know where to begin—and most cybersecurity experts don’t know IBM i. In this session, Robin Tatam explores the business impact of lax IBM i security, the top vulnerabilities putting IBM i at risk, and the steps you can take to protect your organization. If you’re looking to avoid unexpected downtime or corrupted data, you don’t want to miss this session.

  • SB HelpSystems ROBOT GenericCan you trust all of your users all of the time? A typical end user receives 16 malicious emails each month, but only 17 percent of these phishing campaigns are reported to IT. Once an attack is underway, most organizations won’t discover the breach until six months later. A staggering amount of damage can occur in that time. Despite these risks, 93 percent of organizations are leaving their IBM i systems vulnerable to cybercrime. In this on-demand webinar, IBM i security experts Robin Tatam and Sandi Moore will reveal:

  • FORTRA Disaster protection is vital to every business. Yet, it often consists of patched together procedures that are prone to error. From automatic backups to data encryption to media management, Robot automates the routine (yet often complex) tasks of iSeries backup and recovery, saving you time and money and making the process safer and more reliable. Automate your backups with the Robot Backup and Recovery Solution. Key features include:

  • FORTRAManaging messages on your IBM i can be more than a full-time job if you have to do it manually. Messages need a response and resources must be monitored—often over multiple systems and across platforms. How can you be sure you won’t miss important system events? Automate your message center with the Robot Message Management Solution. Key features include:

  • FORTRAThe thought of printing, distributing, and storing iSeries reports manually may reduce you to tears. Paper and labor costs associated with report generation can spiral out of control. Mountains of paper threaten to swamp your files. Robot automates report bursting, distribution, bundling, and archiving, and offers secure, selective online report viewing. Manage your reports with the Robot Report Management Solution. Key features include:

  • FORTRAFor over 30 years, Robot has been a leader in systems management for IBM i. With batch job creation and scheduling at its core, the Robot Job Scheduling Solution reduces the opportunity for human error and helps you maintain service levels, automating even the biggest, most complex runbooks. Manage your job schedule with the Robot Job Scheduling Solution. Key features include:

  • LANSA Business users want new applications now. Market and regulatory pressures require faster application updates and delivery into production. Your IBM i developers may be approaching retirement, and you see no sure way to fill their positions with experienced developers. In addition, you may be caught between maintaining your existing applications and the uncertainty of moving to something new.

  • LANSAWhen it comes to creating your business applications, there are hundreds of coding platforms and programming languages to choose from. These options range from very complex traditional programming languages to Low-Code platforms where sometimes no traditional coding experience is needed. Download our whitepaper, The Power of Writing Code in a Low-Code Solution, and:

  • LANSASupply Chain is becoming increasingly complex and unpredictable. From raw materials for manufacturing to food supply chains, the journey from source to production to delivery to consumers is marred with inefficiencies, manual processes, shortages, recalls, counterfeits, and scandals. In this webinar, we discuss how:

  • The MC Resource Centers bring you the widest selection of white papers, trial software, and on-demand webcasts for you to choose from. >> Review the list of White Papers, Trial Software or On-Demand Webcast at the MC Press Resource Center. >> Add the items to yru Cart and complet he checkout process and submit

  • Profound Logic Have you been wondering about Node.js? Our free Node.js Webinar Series takes you from total beginner to creating a fully-functional IBM i Node.js business application.

  • SB Profound WC 5536Join us for this hour-long webcast that will explore:

  • Fortra IT managers hoping to find new IBM i talent are discovering that the pool of experienced RPG programmers and operators or administrators with intimate knowledge of the operating system and the applications that run on it is small. This begs the question: How will you manage the platform that supports such a big part of your business? This guide offers strategies and software suggestions to help you plan IT staffing and resources and smooth the transition after your AS/400 talent retires. Read on to learn: